1.21 Understand the basics of psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theories:

Structures of Personality:
1. Id: Unconscious, instinctual desires, and reservoir of psychic energy.
2. Ego: Rational, decision-making part of the personality; deals with reality.
3. Superego: Moral conscience; judges right and wrong.
Psychosexual Development Stages:
1. Oral Stage (0-18 months): Focus on oral pleasures; fixation may lead to dependency or oral habits.
2. Anal Stage (18 months-3 years): Focus on control of elimination; fixation may result in obsessiveness or messiness.
3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Awareness of genitals; includes Oedipus complex.
4. Latency Stage (6-puberty): Sexual energy is repressed; focus on same-sex friendships.
5. Genital Stage (puberty+): Mature sexual interests develop.
Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious strategies to manage anxiety or conflict, e.g., repression, projection, sublimation, denial, regression.

Key Concepts:
- Archetypes: Universal symbols and images shared across cultures (e.g., hero, shadow).
- Collective Unconscious: Shared reservoir of experiences across humanity.
- Introversion and Extraversion: Personality orientations towards internal or external worlds.

Key Beliefs:
- Emphasis on feelings of inferiority and striving for superiority.
- Importance of early childhood experiences and family dynamics.
- Birth order impacts personality development:
  - Oldest: High achievers, rule-followers.
  - Second-born: Outgoing, competitive.
  - Middle: Skilled negotiators but may feel overlooked.
  - Youngest: Social, high achievers but risk being spoiled.
Creative Self: Humans shape their destiny and lifestyle through personal choices.

Eight Stages of Development: Each stage involves resolving key conflicts:
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year): Learning trust through caregiving.
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years): Developing independence.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years): Encouraging initiative while managing guilt.
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (5-11 years): Developing competence and skills.
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence): Exploring identity and roles.
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (21-40 years): Building close relationships.
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years): Contributing to society and guiding the next generation.
8. Integrity vs. Despair (65+ years): Reflecting on life with a sense of fulfillment.

Which structure of personality operates on instinct and seeks immediate gratification?
a. Ego
b. Superego
c. Id
d. Conscious
In which psychosexual stage does the Oedipus complex arise?
a. Oral
b. Anal
c. Phallic
d. Latency
Carl Jung introduced the concept of:
a. Defense mechanisms
b. Collective unconscious
c. Psychosexual stages
d. Inferiority complex
According to Alfred Adler, what is the primary motivator for human behavior?
a. Avoiding guilt
b. Striving for superiority
c. Pursuing unconscious desires
d. Achieving self-actualization
What is the primary conflict in Erikson's stage of "Generativity vs. Stagnation"?
a. Developing a sense of identity
b. Building meaningful relationships
c. Contributing to society
d. Coping with aging and reflection
What describes Freud’s defense mechanism of projection?
a. Assigning one’s undesirable traits to others.
b. Reverting to an earlier developmental stage.
c. Blocking unacceptable thoughts unconsciously.
d. Acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way.
In Adler’s theory, middle children are often described as:
a. High achievers and parent-pleasers.
b. Outgoing and less anxious.
c. Skilled negotiators but possibly manipulative.
d. Spoiled but socially skilled.
Erikson’s stage of "Identity vs. Role Confusion" typically occurs during:
a. Childhood
b. Adolescence
c. Early adulthood
d. Middle adulthood

CVRP Exam Study Guide