Page Comparison

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1. b) A measurable characteristic of an individual

2. c) Entrepreneurial

3. b) Explaining vocational choice processes

4. c) Matching personal traits with job requirements

5. c) Artistic

Summary of Key Career Development Theories

Here is a summary of the theories, their key points, and memorization tips:

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Super’s Life-Span Theory

1. Core Idea: Career choices reflect self-concept.

2. Five Stages:

   • Growth (0–14): Developing self-concept.

   • Exploration (15–24): Gaining knowledge of jobs and narrowing choices.

   • Establishment (25–40): Settling into a career.

   • Maintenance (40–65): Sustaining and improving one’s position.

   • Decline (65+): Preparing for retirement.

3. Memorization Tip: Use the acronym GEM-MD (Growth, Exploration, Maintenance, Maintenance, Decline).

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Bandura’s Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)

1. Core Variables:

   • Self-efficacy: Confidence in specific tasks.

   • Outcome Expectations: Expected results of actions.

   • Goals: Intentions for specific achievements.

2. Learning Sources: Success, observing others, feedback, and emotions.

3. Memorization Tip: Think SOG—Self-efficacy, Outcome expectations, Goals.

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Krumboltz’s Career Choice Theory

1. Core Influences:

   • Genetics.

   • Environment.

   • Learning experiences.

   • Task approach skills.

2. Practitioner Goals:

   • Address maladaptive behaviors.

   • Teach decision-making.

   • Prevent future problems.

3. Memorization Tip: GELT—Genetics, Environment, Learning, Task skills.

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Constructivist Career Theory

1. Core Concepts:

   • Individuals create personal meaning.

   • Life is a story under constant revision.

2. Practitioner’s Role: Help clients rewrite their “life story.”

3. Memorization Tip: Think CSM—Constructing Self and Meaning.

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Gottfredson’s Circumscription/Compromise Theory

1. Circumscription Stages:

   • Orientation to Size and Power (3–5 years).

   • Orientation to Sex Roles (6–8 years).

   • Orientation to Social Valuation (9–13 years).

   • Orientation to the Internal Self (14+ years).

2. Compromise: Adapting preferences to realities.

3. Memorization Tip: S3I—Size, Sex, Social, Internal.

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Ginzberg’s Theory

1. Stages:

   • Fantasy (up to 11): Role-play career ideas.

   • Tentative (11–17): Consider interests, capacities, and values.

   • Realistic (17–20s): Crystallize and specify career goals.

2. Memorization Tip: Think FTR—Fantasy, Tentative, Realistic.

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Quiz to Test Understanding

Questions

1. What is the primary focus of Super's Life-Span Theory?

2. Name the three core variables in Bandura’s SCCT.

3. According to Krumboltz, what is the role of learning experiences in career choice?

4. In Gottfredson’s theory, at what age does orientation to social valuation occur?

5. What is a key idea of the Constructivist Career Theory?

6. List the three stages of Ginzberg’s occupational choice process.

7. What does the "compromise" process in Gottfredson's theory address?

8. How does SCCT explain interest formation in activities?

9. In Super’s model, during which stage does career maintenance occur?

10. What are Krumboltz’s goals for career counseling?

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Answers

1. Career choices are driven by self-concept.

2. Self-efficacy, Outcome expectations, and Goals.

3. They shape beliefs and make occupations attractive or unattractive.

4. Between ages 9–13.

5. Individuals create meaning through their experiences and narratives.

6. Fantasy, Tentative, and Realistic.

7. Adjusting preferences to real-world constraints.

8. When people see themselves as capable and expect positive outcomes.

9. During middle age to 65.

10. Addressing maladaptive behaviors, teaching decision-making, and preventing problems.